![]() ![]() Among mothers, the labor force participation rate for those with children 6 to 17 years old, at 77.0 percent, was considerably higher than for those with younger children. The labor force participation rate for women with children under 18 years of age was 72.4 percent in March 2019, lower than the rate of 93.5 percent for men with children under 18 years. ![]() Labor force participation rates for widowed women and men, who tend to be older, were 19.8 percent and 24.2 percent, respectively. By contrast, married men were more likely to participate in the labor force (73.0 percent) than separated men (70.1 percent), never-married men (68.1 percent), and divorced men (64.7 percent). Separated and divorced women were more likely to participate in the labor force (63.7 percent and 60.8 percent, respectively) than married women (58.6 percent). Never-married women had the highest participation rate of all women, at 65.0 percent in 2019. Labor force participation varies by marital status and differs between women and men. The rates for Asian men (2.7 percent) and White men (3.3 percent) were below those for Hispanic men (4.0 percent) and Black men (6.6 percent). Men’s unemployment rates exhibit a similar pattern. Unemployment rates for Hispanic or Latino women and Black or African American women were higher, at 4.7 percent and 5.6 percent, respectively. In 2019, Asian women had the lowest rate (2.7 percent), followed by White women (3.2 percent). Women’s unemployment rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. The rate for men was 3.7 percent in 2019, also down 0.2 percentage point from a year earlier. In 2019, the unemployment rate for women was 3.6 percent, down 0.2 percentage point from a year earlier. Men’s labor force participation, which always has been much higher than that for women, was 69.2 percent in 2019, little changed from the previous year (69.1 percent). Women’s labor force participation was 57.4 percent in 2019, up from 57.1 percent in 2018. (For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the technical notes.) Selected demographic characteristics Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. This report presents labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. More recently, women in the baby-boom generation (defined as people born between 19) have begun to retire in large numbers, which has put downward pressure on their labor force participation rate over the past decade or so. In addition, women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings have grown over time: women working full time earned 62 percent of what men earned in 1979 and 82 percent in 2019. Also, women with children have increased their participation in the labor force considerably. Since 1970, women have become more likely to work full time and year round. For example, women became much more likely to pursue higher levels of education: from 1970 to 2019, the proportion of women ages 25 to 64 in the labor force who held a college degree quadrupled, whereas the proportion of men with a college degree a little more than doubled over that time. Women’s involvement in the labor market has changed in several notable ways over the past several decades. With the dawn of the 21st century, labor force participation among women began a gradual decline, until the participation rate hit a recent low in 2015 of 56.7 percent. Overall, women’s labor force participation increased dramatically from the 1960s through the 1980s, before slowing in the 1990s. The rapid rise in women’s labor force participation was a major development in the labor market during the second half of the 20th century. By comparison, the labor force participation rate for men was 69.2 percent in 2019, little changed from the previous year and 17.4 percentage points below its peak of 86.6 percent in 1948. This was up from 57.1 percent who participated in 2018, but 2.6 percentage points below the peak of 60.0 percent in 1999. In 2019, 57.4 percent of all women participated in the labor force. Women in the labor force databook, Report 1092 ![]()
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